Morethan50yearsago,KittyGenovese,a28-year–oldwoman,wasm...

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More than 50 years ago, Kitty Genovese, a 28-year –old woman, was murdered outside her apartment in New York City. This could have been just one of the many murder cases that happen in the US. But something set this crime apart: some news reports claimed hat neighbors and passers-by nothing when witnessing her tragic death.

The public nature of her death forced the American public to examine its own apathy(冷漠). It also encouraged a series of studies into the caused of what became known as the “ bystander effect”.

The bystander effect is a social phenomenon that occurs when individuals witness someone in trouble, but don’t offer help. Even good people can find themselves frozen by shock fear and uncertainty. Buy most of the time, they fail to help those in need due to the presence of other people.

According to the original report about the Kitty Genovese case, several bystanders thought other witnesses had already called the police or would soon do so. They reasoned, therefore, that they did not need to respond.

This is what psychologists called “diffusion（漫*）”of responsibility”. When others are around, out personal sense of responsibility lessens. US psychologist Bibb Latane and John Darley used a series of experiments to determine that people are more likely to help out if they are alone, 70 percent of study participants would help if they were the only person on the scene, but that rate dropped dramatically, to 40 percent, if there was another witness. Participants were least reactive or likely to offer assistance if the other witness did not react or was “passive” during the event. In that circumstance, only 7 percent offered help.

“ The problem with the bystander effect is as simple as looking to others to solve a problem. The solution is just as easy and just the opposite”, wrote Tyler Tervooren, founder of Riskology. Co, a website aiming to help people “master their psychology”. The same idea applies to problems in your own life, according to Tervooren. If you need help, you have to reach out to someone who can help you and specifically ask for assistance.

29. The Kitty Genovese case was unusual because______.

A. the victim was killed outside her own department.

B. its repots drew public attention to American apathy

C. it improved the studies of the “bystander effect”

D. several of its witnesses were frozen by shock

30. Studies show that one is least likely to help someone in trouble when he/she is_____.

A. astonished B. afraid C. not sure D. not alone

31. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The bystander effect only happens t people with low moral standards

B. Diffusion of responsibility helps people master their psychology

C. A person will likely get help if he/she asks a particular person.

D. The more people are present, the more likely help will be given.